Blood work is a valuable tool for monitoring a pet’s health status or determining a diagnosis, but deciphering the results can be daunting for pet owners. While our Southern Crossing Animal Hospital team is here to answer any of your questions about your pet’s blood work results, we also want to provide a general guide with the basics. Join us as we break down the parts of a complete blood count (CBC) and blood chemistry profile for pets.

What is a complete blood count for pets?

A CBC is a common blood test that provides valuable information about your pet’s overall health by measuring the number of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets present in a blood sample. These various blood components play vital roles in your pet’s immune system, oxygen transport, and blood clotting abilities.

Interpreting the results of your pet’s complete blood count

A CBC is broken down into the following main components:

  • Red blood cell (RBC) count — The RBC count measures the number of red blood cells in your pet’s bloodstream. Low RBC counts may indicate anemia, which can result from blood loss, nutritional deficiencies, or underlying diseases. Conversely, high RBC counts may suggest dehydration, lung disease, heart disease, or certain cancer types.
  • Hemoglobin (HGB) and hematocrit (HCT) — HGB is a protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen, while HCT measures the percentage of blood volume occupied by red blood cells. Low hemoglobin and hematocrit levels can indicate anemia, while high levels may signal dehydration or other conditions.
  • White blood cell (WBC) count — WBCs are key components of the immune system that helps to fight off infections and diseases. Elevated WBC counts may indicate an active infection, inflammation, or stress response, while low counts may signify bone marrow disorders or immune system deficiencies.
  • Platelet count — Platelets are responsible for blood clotting, which prevents excessive bleeding when your pet is injured. Low platelet counts can lead to abnormal bleeding or bruising, while high counts may indicate inflammation, infection, or certain cancers.

Understanding your pet’s differential count

In addition to overall blood counts, CBC results include a differential count that measures the percentages of different white blood cell types present in the sample, including:

  • Neutrophils — These are the most common type of white blood cells and are typically elevated in response to bacterial infections or inflammation.
  • Lymphocytes — Elevated lymphocyte counts may indicate viral infections or certain immune disorders.
  • Monocytes — Increased monocyte levels can be seen in chronic infections, inflammatory conditions, or stress responses.
  • Eosinophils — Higher eosinophil levels may suggest allergies, parasitic infections, or certain autoimmune diseases.
  • Basophils — Basophil levels are generally low but can increase during allergic reactions or inflammatory conditions.

What is a blood chemistry profile for pets?

A blood chemistry profile typically includes a comprehensive test panel that evaluates various biochemical parameters in your pet’s blood. These parameters provide crucial information about organ function, electrolyte balance, and metabolic processes. 

Interpreting the results of your pet’s blood chemistry profile

Common components of a blood chemistry profile include:

  • Liver enzymes (ALT, AST, ALP) — These enzymes are primarily produced by the liver and are released into the bloodstream when liver cells are damaged or inflamed. Alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST) are sensitive indicators of liver cell injury, while alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels may rise in conditions affecting bile flow, such as cholestasis or certain liver diseases. 
  • Kidney function (BUN, CRE) — Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine (CRE) are waste products filtered by the kidneys. Elevated BUN and CRE levels can indicate impaired kidney function, which may result from acute or chronic kidney disease, urinary obstruction, or dehydration. Creatinine levels are particularly useful, because factors such as diet and hydration affect them less than BUN.
  • Glucose (GLU) — Glucose is the primary source of energy for cells and tissues. Elevated glucose levels may signal diabetes mellitus (i.e., a condition characterized by insufficient insulin production or insulin resistance). Conversely, low glucose levels can occur with insulin overdose, certain tumors, or hypoglycemia.
  • Electrolytes (Na+, K+, Cl-) — These ions play crucial roles in maintaining fluid balance, nerve function, and muscle contraction. Sodium levels are affected by hydration status, while potassium imbalances can lead to cardiac abnormalities. Chloride levels often parallel changes in sodium and potassium and are essential for maintaining acid-base balance. Electrolyte imbalances can lead to serious health problems and may indicate dehydration, kidney disease, or hormonal issues.
  • Proteins (ALB, GLOB) — Albumin, which is produced by the liver, helps maintain blood volume and transports various substances. Low albumin levels may indicate liver disease, malnutrition, or protein-losing disorders. Globulins encompass various proteins, including antibodies and transport proteins. Elevated globulin levels may suggest inflammation, infection, or immune-mediated diseases.

Understanding the significance of each test and its parameters can empower you to collaborate effectively with your Southern Crossing Animal Hospital veterinarian in maintaining your pet’s well-being. Do not hesitate to discuss any questions about your pet’s blood work results with our team.